The Argument for Reparations
Here’s a column on reparations for Afro-Americans that’s worth emailing to friends and family. The last two grafs:
Blacks worth $6k; whites $88k
…
African Americans that favor reparations should stop allowing discussions to be guided by perceptions that: 1) reparations are unlikely ever to be awarded; 2) reparations are undeserved by African Americans since all ex-slaves are dead; 3) today’s white Americans have not injured African Americans and should not be required to pay for sins of their forbears; 4) it is impossible to determine who should get what and how much; and 5) African Americans must become self-reliant and determine their own fate and stop waiting for relief from external sources.Don’t be deceived; opponents of reparations have benefited from a system of white privilege that is imbedded in American society. Let’s stop acceptance of a system of white privileges and Black disadvantages that has accrued advantages for whites for fifteen generations.
Or as Malcolm X, that stalwart of the civil rights movement, put it:
If you are the son of a man who had a wealthy estate and you inherit your father’s estate, you have to pay off the debts that your father incurred before he died. The only reason that the present generation of white Americans are in a position of economic strength…is because their fathers worked our fathers for over 400 years with no pay…We were sold from plantation to plantation like you sell a horse, or a cow, or a chicken, or a bushel of wheat…All that money…is what gives the present generation of American whites the ability to walk around the earth with their chest out…like they have some kind of economic ingenuity. Your father isn’t here to pay. My father isn’t here to collect. But I’m here to collect and you’re here to pay.
I demand equal reparations. My great grandfather came from Ireland and suffered terrible indignities under the iron fists of the American tyrants. He had to work 10 hours a day to make his boss rich. He was even called defamatory names. An OUTRAGE!
But I guess, I will have to get in line and wait for the American Indians to get their reparations first. After all, the white devils took all his property and only gave him multi-million dollar casino licenses. And don’t forget how the Italians were treated. What slanderous names. Oh, and how about the Chinese who broke their backs building the railroad to cross the country and make someone else rich!
Oh, the humanity!
.
Comment by JBenson2 — August 12, 2006 @ 7:32 pm
Can I just get a shade utilitarian on all y’alls’ asses? Reparations cost me, individually, as an extremely poor white American, close to zilch. So go ahead, have at it. I mean, we’re talking tiny fractions of pennies on every dollar of my taxes that already go to sweetheart contracts for the military-industrial complex and corporate welfare.
So by all means, set something up. I won’t notice it one whit. May as well.
Comment by teh l4m3 — August 13, 2006 @ 3:11 am
Since you seem to think this is such a great idea, why don’t you address some of the specifics?
* Will this only apply to blacks who are 100% negro? * What about the mixed marriages?
* Will the mixed marriage black got a percentage of the full allocation?
* Will it apply to a person who is only 1/32nd black?
* Will the blacks file reparations against the African blacks that made a lot of money by selling them to the white traders?
* and most importantly, who will calculate the total dollar value per black?
Why not also offer reparations to the downtrodden Irish-Americans and Italian-Americans who were treated poorly and were forced to work 10+ hours a day in order to make their bosses rich.
.
Comment by JBenson2 — August 13, 2006 @ 9:06 am
JBenson,
You do realize you’ve trotted out the two major arguments that crypto-racists use to justify their anti-reparation position:
1) It cannot be done.
2) The descendents of slaves do not deserve reparations.
The details of how a reparations program would be managed would (sadly, but inevitably) be decided by legislators. Our country does have some experience with race-based policies, so I’m most optimistic that it could be done fairly and with minimal shock to the economy. One upside that most conservatives would appreciate would be the near total end of welfare programs in urban centers. It would not solve the major problem of rural white welfare, of course.
The canard about your Irish immigrant ancestor is a gross exposure of your distaste and ignorance of the Afro-American experience. I take it that your great-grandfather was paid for his work. Although he may have emigrated from his homeland as a result of poverty or starvation, he was still allowed to become an American and ultimately take advantage of the infrastructure built on the backs of slaves.
On top of all this, you have that significant symbol of humanity to know something of your lineage; the same cannot be said of the descendents of slaves.
I’m truly disappointed that you are responding to this issue so emotionally and with such a closed mind. I recommend that you read (for starters) The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and Harriet Ann Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl to get a bit of perspective on what American slavery and its legacy have meant to Black America.
Comment by Ryan — August 13, 2006 @ 11:52 am
Our country does have some experience with race-based policies, so I’m most optimistic that it could be done fairly…
Thanks for offering some vague concepts for the plan. After all, the liberal view is the thought behind the plan is what really matters, not the actual results.
Yes, the government does have some experience in these matters. For instance, consider the reparations to the American Indians with the the casino permits. Look at how it is has benefitted the Indian tribes across the USA. Those Indians are wealthy, well-educated and fully-employed. NOT !
I remember all the fighting that went on when a supposed “tribe” wanted to build a casino on Cape Cod. The tribe’s requirement was the owners had to have 1/16th of the tribe’s blood line in them. Now, come on, how does a member of an Indian tribe prove something like that? Just because a couple people claim their uncle’s great-grandfather was Chief Big Sitting Donkey?
Out here in Minnesota, a tribe refused to build a casino on their “homeland” and insisted on building it closer to Minneapolis because they could make more money. Take a guess who fought the plan and took them to court - another Indian tribe!
By the way, I could throw out the names of books that cover the tough times the Jews had, or the Irish, or the Japanese. That is just a slimy way of promoting links to potential web-advertisers.
.
Comment by JBenson2 — August 13, 2006 @ 12:32 pm
100% negro?
Comment by Auguste — August 13, 2006 @ 2:24 pm
JBenson, you’re essentially downgrading slavery to being equal to - at worst - wage slavery.
Are you aware that you’re skating dangerously close to St*rmfr*nt-level bullshit?
Comment by Auguste — August 13, 2006 @ 2:28 pm
JBenson, children born to slave women that were fathered by rape were still slaves.
Comment by Amanda Marcotte — August 13, 2006 @ 2:30 pm
Ryan,
It’s glad to see that yet again, you take the side of an issue which is completely radical, unsupportable by facts, and not favored by the majority of Americans (thank God). And in supporting this extremely unpopular, stupid issue you refuse to use any intelligent arguments, but just call the people who disagree with you names (on the immigration issue they’re bigots, on the slavery issue they are racists). In addition, you continue to not answer specific questions raised by those who can see through and tear apart your extremely weak and pathetic arguments (much like the amnesty issue). Seriously, have you ever participated in a debate with someone in person about the insane radical positions you support?
Comment by truthmattersfa — August 13, 2006 @ 3:18 pm
TMFA, I’m looking for a serious anti-reparations question asked in this thread, but all I can find is racist bullshit.
Comment by Auguste — August 13, 2006 @ 4:48 pm
Shorter truthmattersfa: To back my assertion that I’m more logical than you, I shall refute your thoughtful argument by calling you crazy.
Comment by Amanda Marcotte — August 13, 2006 @ 4:51 pm
Auguste: “100% negro?”
Yeah, that pricked my little mongrel ears up, too.
Still, I fail to see what the big deal is. At the end of the day anyway there’s really no downside to supporting a reparations program. It’s not going to impoverish the nation, and it could only benefit everyone.
Of course, I provisionally agree with a general “it can’t be done” statement — at least, it’s probably true in the very short term. I mean, right now we’re dealing with a Congress that couldn’t see fit to pass even an anti-lynching law, IIRC…
Comment by teh l4m3 — August 13, 2006 @ 5:08 pm
My apologies to anyone who was offended by the term 100% negro. I should have used the politically correct term: 100% member of the Negroid race.
Ryan said:
Our country does have some experience with race-based policies, so I’m most optimistic that it could be done fairly…
I agree that the US government does have some experience in race-based policies. Take a look at the past results of the American Indian policy. All those casinoes have made a lot of wealthy, self-supporting, well-educated Indians. Right? NOT!
On Cape Cod, a tribe was given the rights to build a casino. The tribe members set a minimum race factor of 1/16th Indian. How will a person prove his ancestry 8+ generations ago? These are the type of hard issues that have to be addressed when you promote reparations. Don’t hide behind name calling.
And out here, a small tribe in northern Minnesota was given a casino permit, but they wanted to build it closer to Minneapolis in order to make more money. And they were sued! Guess who sued them? Another Indian tribe!
This whole idea of reparations is just another government hand-out that will result in more lawsuits, more resentment on all sides, and another expensive government bureaucracy.
The liberals love these types of plans. Sounds wonderful to them, but the results are far worse than the original problem. And as I mentioned before, the liberals love to point fingers and complain. Why can’t they answer the important question: What criteria will be used to decide who is eligible???
Will Jesse Jackson, Al Sharpton and Louis Farrakhan be waiting at the front of the line?
.
Comment by JBenson2 — August 13, 2006 @ 6:03 pm
The problem with reparations is that ALMOST all human beings throughout history benefited from mistreating other humans. If black Americans were to get reparations, they’d have to pass that reparations money to non-Bantu blacks that black West African Bantus displaced in their migration. The non-Bantus would probably have to pass the reparations to descendants of now extinct tribes. It really never ends.
Instead of focusing the discussion on “What have you done to Harm me and how much do you OWE me” maybe the more profitable discussion would be on “How do I do the best with what I have”?
Comment by Ivy Research — August 13, 2006 @ 6:13 pm
Ivy Research,
Can you sell me a term paper on this topic?
Comment by Auguste — August 13, 2006 @ 6:24 pm
Hey, that’s just the invisible hand of the marketplace at work.
Comment by bvac — August 14, 2006 @ 12:28 am
Mr. Benson,
You wrote:
Please refrain from commenting on my blog from now on. A detailed apology after in few months may change my mind. Thank you.
Comment by Ryan — August 14, 2006 @ 1:39 am
Heh.
Anybody remember that LA thread where it was established that it’s only liberals that use racial epithets?
Comment by Auguste — August 14, 2006 @ 2:05 am
Hey JBenson2.0, I’m wondering.. by your own logic, do Jews (or the Kike race, as I’m sure you’d prefer to call it) deserve the state of Israel?
Comment by bvac — August 14, 2006 @ 2:43 am
I’m still finding it hard to believe that you honestly think this could work, for one big reason: you require the rich, white men of Congress, whose power was brokered by the economic system built on the backs of slaves, to pass this tax as you would like it to be written. Instead of, as one can only expect, riddling it with as many loopholes for themselves as possible.
You also require the rich, white men who support the aforementioned rich, white men in Congress with donations and the like to simply pay up, instead of sheltering and guarding their money.
Comment by Katter — August 14, 2006 @ 12:51 pm
Katter,
You’re absolutely right. Things don’t look promising; they haven’t for the last 120 years. But anything is possible with enough political pressure, which will require changing the minds of the white population of the U.S.
Like many Americans, I’m optimistic when it comes to how we as a society address questions of morality.
Comment by Ryan — August 14, 2006 @ 1:06 pm
Blacks were enslaved for hundreds of years and it was considered legal by various colonial/state/federal governments. The descendants of people enslaved have a legitimate grievance against the government that can be quantified monetarily. If the US government legally sanctioned the mistreatment of Irish and Italians, then they would have a legitimate grievance they could sue over too. The difference is that the mistreatment they suffered was largely interpersonal racism, not a matter of being stripped of legal rights like blacks allowed to be enslaved.
Reparations would not be taken from the pockets of whites and transfered to blacks- it would come out general government revenue, which is not just paid by the descendants of slaveholders, and is also paid by corporations and various other entities. Far more of your money goes into the pockets of Daddy Warbucks war-profiteers in one year than would go to your fellow countrymen for reparations.
Blacks won’t become rich off reparations. If you look at monetary settlements various Indian nations have received when they sue over land taken illegally, the court generally finds the value of what the property was worth when it was wrongfully taken, then pays that precise amount in today’s money- they aren’t compensated for being deprived of the property for however many years they should have owned it but didn’t (no interest), they also generally aren’t paid what the property is actually worth today.
Translating that into reparations for blacks- the court or legislature would probably estimate how many ancestors were enslaved, how much they should have been paid for that work, and divide each enslaved person’s wages by how many descendants they have. Alternatively, they may require blacks to prove their lineage and pay them a percentage of their ancestors’ wages in today’s money based on how many enslaved people they can document and how many descendants those ancestors had. That might be difficult, but there are more records than one might expect.
Whether someone is rich has no bearing on whether or not their ancestors were enslaved, so it wouldn’t even be a consideration.
Indian nations were sovereign entities before various governments conquered them. The US has/had no right to strip other countries and unilaterally take them over. If a sovereign nation, albeit a protectorate of the US, wants to have casinos on their lands, they should be allowed. It isn’t a special exemption unless you think the US should be allowed to conquer and destroy any nation they please, in which case perhaps you think that what was once stolen should remain stolen. I don’t think that’s very legitimate. Indian nations also generally have numerous legal agreements (treaties) they can point to that the US broke. The Constitution is still legal after all these years; the government can’t pick and choose which legal agreements it’ll abide by.
Remember that there have been court cases over lost property even hundreds of years after a loss. Whenever treasure hunters find old shipwrecks, if the insurance company that insured the ship/cargo still exists in any form, even if it’s been bought multiple times and goes under a different name, if they still own a policy on the property, they can collect it. If companies can do that, why not people.
And no, I don’t have any black ancestors at least for the last several thousand years. And I’m part Irish.
If you’re bitter about your Irish ancestors being treated poorly when they arrived in the US, do some research. See if the state or federal government where they lived legally permitted it and if you can prove they suffered monetary damage. Take it to court or petition the legislature. I’m sure the other 40 million Irish Americans wouldn’t mind $20 apiece or whatever they’d each end up getting if you could prove something. But it won’t be anything near SLAVERY of multiple generations, so don’t try to compare.
Look, everyone knows what happened during slavery. Blacks don’t even have a museum on the capitol about the robbery of wages of their ancestors for hundreds of years. Sure, we’ll have a Holocaust museum to remember the victims of a crime that happened on another continent, perpetrated by another nation. We need to come to terms with OUR past, a past our GOVERNMENT allowed. Reparations would finally show the US seriously believed slavery was wrong. The intent is so much more than the money, but without the money, it could all be empty words. (And don’t try the old ‘what about the civil war’…most of those people weren’t fighting to free blacks from bondage but for their “lifestyle” or their “state” or the “union”.)
I’d love to hear the arguments against Holocaust reparations from anyone who opposes reparations for black Americans.
Comment by Marie — August 15, 2006 @ 4:23 am
Auguste,
Thank you for proving the point I was trying to make, which is that your side doesn’t have any legitimate arugment for reparations (or amnesty for that matter)–only the ability to call names: racist, bigot, etc. Here are some questions
1) How do you determine the amount of one’s claim from their ethnicity? Does a person with 2 black parents get more than a person with 1 black parent and 1 white parent? Also, how do you determine which black people had ancestors here when slavery existed and which ones didn’t? Would black people who came here after slavery was abolished be entitled to reparations?
2) Would the reparations be based on a person’s current income status? Black people that have made it and been quite successful in society obviously don’t need measely handouts. So do you support taking money away from middle and lower-class non-blacks (whites, asians, hispanics, etc) to give to rich blacks who already have more money than these people? Or better yet, where is the money going to come from? Some sort of tax dollars I would imagine.
3) Would you require all people to pay reparations or only white people? How are you going to determine which people had ancestors here during slavery and profited from it as compared to those who may have come here in the last 50-100 years (many years after slavery was abolished)?
On a side note, I find it hillarious that Ryan who constantly offends people by describing them as being racist or bigoted, now demands that one of them stop posting here because he is offended. Seriously, do you guys know what a hypocrite is??
Comment by truthmattersfa — August 16, 2006 @ 11:33 pm
What an awesome argument.
Comment by bvac — August 17, 2006 @ 12:51 am
TMFA,
First of all, I stand by my assertions that phrases like “100% negroid” are bigoted. So, too, is equating slavery with wage slavery.
And your counterarguments imply that some sort of definition of reparations has been reached for the purposes of this discussion. In response to #1 and #2, for example, where in this thread was “reparations” defined as “individual cash payments to individual african americans”? As for #3, you seem to be assuming again - that reparations would take the form of a somebody showing up at your (as a white person) door to collect. My assumption would be that reparations would come from taxes - maybe in the form of the surplus. Oh wait, we don’t have it anymore.
As for your final paragraph, I’m not even going to respond to that gibberish. Calling a racist a racist is not offensive.
Comment by Auguste — August 17, 2006 @ 1:40 am
The argument for reparations always seems to picture slavery as this sort-of vastly successful scam that made the whole country wealthy, even for hundreds of years after slavery was abolished, at the expense of otherwise prosperous slaves. You wouldn’t think from listening to reparatins advocates that the non-slave states even had an economy. What if menial farm labor would have been performed anyway with the laborers barely being paid subsistence wages? What if slavery was a bad economic institution all around and what if its perpetuation hindered economic development?
Comment by Yitzchak Goodman — August 22, 2006 @ 2:46 pm
Firstly as has been pointed out there were non-slave states. Why should they have to pay reparations. Also the non-slave states fought a civil war to free blacks. A war in which a large number of lives were lost and an enormous amount of money was spent. I argue based on this that blacks actually owe the Union States reparations and an extremely large debt.
Secondly what infrastructure did the slaves create? The Northern economy was fully industrial and was mostly based on wage labour. Most of the infrastructure actually used by Irish immigrants and Italians was in the Northern States. There weren’t too many immigrants in the South. If anything the South is much less developed economically than the South. So why do Irish owe anything to Blacks at all. In fact I would argue that the North and South were essentially separate Nations until the Civil war. They had separate and parallel economies and they may have traded but so what, many foreign nations traded with the South. Also the North had very few blacks. So the North is completely outside the whole issue.
The only area that should have to pay reparations is the Southern Slave States. I would also argue that Blacks should have to pay reparations to the North for freeing them from slavery. Anyways overall I think the whole idea is stupid. I also think that fear of stupid ideas like this is what keeps people voting for Republicans. I hate the Iraq war and George Bush but I hate the idea of reparations almost as much.
Comment by assman — November 20, 2006 @ 5:08 am
Lets not talk to deep into reparations. I am more interested in the generations of poverty since slavery. People are still counting and spending money from slave times. They say they can’t blame what their grandfather did but they are spending his money and living in the exclusive neighborhoods. We have 100’s of years of poverty. They have hundreds of years of college graduates and wealth being inherited. Inherited wealth makes you a competitor in this world. No wealth makes you a burden and poverty is inherited. 50 years ago schools were still segreagted meaning education wasn’t equal. All I say is if things were on equal terms it wouldn’t be a race or an economical issue amongst the races in this country. Some cheated to get ahead and some loss and are still losing the race in the present. It isn’t all abput slavery. These arguments can go both ways. 400 years of being educated made the white race where they are today. If blacks were reaping the same benefits where would we be today. Not asking for a damn thing because we weren’t cheated.
Comment by Mike — January 25, 2008 @ 1:04 pm
Its not true that reparations were never paid. Lincoln did make moves to pay reparations for the losses suffered during slavery. Lincoln moved to pay indemnity to..slave owners! for their loss of “property” -and opportunity to make future profits. It was amazing how quickly legislation translated into action -as slave owners summed up their losses for claims. Its a good indication of the moral level of the nation. Someone said it well -slavery was “one of the most heinous sins for which I believe god will one day bring it to judgement.”
Comment by john — August 31, 2009 @ 6:34 pm
Comment by Marie — August 15, 2006 @ 4:23 am: “If you’re bitter about your Irish ancestors being treated poorly when they arrived in the US, do some research. See if the state or federal government where they lived legally permitted it and if you can prove they suffered monetary damage. Take it to court or petition the legislature. I’m sure the other 40 million Irish Americans wouldn’t mind $20 apiece or whatever they’d each end up getting if you could prove something. But it won’t be anything near SLAVERY of multiple generations, so don’t try to compare.”
Mary, I take exception to your statement the the irish experience doesn’t compare.
The Irish have a long history of under the chains of slavery in the Americas. And I didn’t say indentured servitude. I said slavery.
In memory of the Irish victims of Slavery
President Jacques Chirac announced, last January, that France will hold a national day of remembrance for the victims of slavery every 10 May,.
The date for the annual holiday was chosen as it marks the day in 2001 when France passed a law recognising slavery as a crime against humanity. He said children should be taught about slavery at primary and secondary school as part of the national curriculum. “Slavery fed racism,” he said. “When people tried to justify the unjustifiable, that was when the first racist theories were elaborated.”
Given that tens of thousands of Irish people were shipped into slavery, isnt it strange that Ireland has no day remembering them? I dont know of a single monument to the victims of slavery in Ireland. Perhaps someone can let me know if they know of one. As far as I know, even the Republican Movement fails to commemorate the tens of thousands of innocents sold into slavery from Ireland. Many of the women and children into sex slavery.
The following extract gives an idea of the colossal scale of the slave trade from Ireland. No doubt this post will be met by the usual chorus of deniers wishing we could keep quite about this - but lets just ignore them. I think some remembrance should be made of these unfortunate people. The event could be linked with the fight against slavery in the world today. Does anyone have suggestions?
The reign of Elizabeth I, English privateers captured 300 African Negroes, sold them as slaves, and initiated the English slave trade. Slavery was, of course, an old established commerce dating back into earliest history. Julius Caesar brought over a million slaves from defeated armies back to Rome. By the 16th century, the Arabs were the most active, generally capturing native peoples, not just Africans, marching them to a seaport and selling them to ship owners. Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish ships were originally the most active, supplying slaves to the Spanish colonies in America. It was not a big business in the beginning, but a very profitable one, and ship owners were primarily interested only in profits. The morality of selling human beings was never a factor to them.
After the Battle of Kinsale at the beginning of the 17th century, the English were faced with a problem of some 30,000 military prisoners, which they solved by creating an official policy of banishment. Other Irish leaders had voluntarily exiled to the continent, in fact, the Battle of Kinsale marked the beginning of the so-called “Wild Geese”, those Irish banished from their homeland. Banishment, however, did not solve the problem entirely, so James II encouraged selling the Irish as slaves to planters and settlers in the New World colonies. The first Irish slaves were sold to a settlement on the Amazon River In South America in 1612. It would probably be more accurate to say that the first “recorded” sale of Irish slaves was in 1612, because the English, who were noted for their meticulous record keeping, simply did not keep track of things Irish, whether it be goods or people, unless such was being shipped to England. The disappearance of a few hundred or a few thousand Irish was not a cause for alarm, but rather for rejoicing. Who cared what their names were anyway, they were gone.
Almost as soon as settlers landed in America, English privateers showed up with a good load of slaves to sell. The first load of African slaves brought to Virginia arrived at Jamestown in 1619. English shippers, with royal encouragement, partnered with the Dutch to try and corner the slave market to the exclusion of the Spanish and Portuguese. The demand was greatest in the Spanish occupied areas of Central and South America, but the settlement of North America moved steadily ahead, and the demand for slave labour grew.
The Proclamation of 1625 ordered that Irish political prisoners be transported overseas and sold as laborers to English planters, who were settling the islands of the West Indies, officially establishing a policy that was to continue for two centuries. In 1629 a large group of Irish men and women were sent to Guiana, and by 1632, Irish were the main slaves sold to Antigua and Montserrat in the West Indies. By 1637 a census showed that 69% of the total population of Montserrat were Irish slaves, which records show was a cause of concern to the English planters. But there were not enough political prisoners to supply the demand, so every petty infraction carried a sentence of transporting, and slaver gangs combed the country sides to kidnap enough people to fill out their quotas.
Although African Negroes were better suited to work in the semi-tropical climates of the Caribbean, they had to be purchased, while the Irish were free for the catching, so to speak. It is not surprising that Ireland became the biggest source of livestock for the English slave trade.
The Confederation War broke out in Kilkenny in 1641, as the Irish attempted to throw out the English yet again, something that seem to happen at least once every generation. Sir Morgan Cavanaugh of Clonmullen, one of the leaders, was killed during a battle in 1646, and his two sons, Daniel and Charles (later Colonel Charles) continued with the struggle until the uprising was crushed by Cromwell in 1649. It is recorded that Daniel and other Carlow Kavanaghs exiled themselves to Spain, where their descendants are still found today, concentrated in the northwestern corner of that country. Young Charles, who married Mary Kavanagh, daughter of Brian Kavanagh of Borris, was either exiled to Nantes, France, or transported to Barbados… or both. Although we haven’t found a record of him in a military life in France, it is known that the crown of Leinster and other regal paraphernalia associated with the Kingship of Leinster was brought to France, where it was on display in Bordeaux, just south of Nantes, until the French Revolution in 1794. As Daniel and Charles were the heirs to the Leinster kingship, one of them undoubtedly brought these royal artifacts to Bordeaux.
In the 12 year period during and following the Confederation revolt, from 1641 to 1652, over 550,000 Irish were killed by the English and 300,000 were sold as slaves, as the Irish population of Ireland fell from 1,466,000 to 616,000. Banished soldiers were not allowed to take their wives and children with them, and naturally, the same for those sold as slaves. The result was a growing population of homeless women and children, who being a public nuisance, were likewise rounded up and sold. But the worse was yet to come.
In 1649, Cromwell landed in Ireland and attacked Drogheda, slaughtering some 30,000 Irish living in the city. Cromwell reported: “I do not think 30 of their whole number escaped with their lives. Those that did are in safe custody in the Barbados.” A few months later, in 1650, 25,000 Irish were sold to planters in St. Kitt. During the 1650s decade of Cromwell’s Reign of Terror, over 100,000 Irish children, generally from 10 to 14 years old, were taken from Catholic parents and sold as slaves in the West Indies, Virginia and New England. In fact, more Irish were sold as slaves to the American colonies and plantations from 1651 to 1660 than the total existing “free” population of the Americas!
But all did not go smoothly with Cromwell’s extermination plan, as Irish slaves revolted in Barbados in 1649. They were hanged, drawn and quartered and their heads were put on pikes, prominently displayed around Bridgetown as a warning to others. Cromwell then fought two quick wars against the Dutch in 1651, and thereafter monopolized the slave trade. Four years later he seized Jamaica from Spain, which then became the center of the English slave trade in the Caribbean.
On 14 August 1652, Cromwell began his Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland, ordering that the Irish were to be transported overseas, starting with 12,000 Irish prisoners sold to Barbados. The infamous “Connaught or Hell” proclamation was issued on 1 May 1654, where all Irish were ordered to be removed from their lands and relocated west of the Shannon or be transported to the West Indies. Those who have been to County Clare, a land of barren rock will understand what an impossible position such an order placed the Irish. A local sheep owner claimed that Clare had the tallest sheep in the world, standing some 7 feet at the withers, because in order to live, there was so little food, they had to graze at 40 miles per hour. With no place to go and stay alive, the Irish were slow to respond. This was an embarrassing problem as Cromwell had financed his Irish expeditions through business investors, who were promised Irish estates as dividends, and his soldiers were promised freehold land in exchange for their services. To speed up the relocation process, a reinforcing law was passed on 26 June 1657 stating: “Those who fail to transplant themselves into Connaught or Co. Clare within six months… Shall be attained of high treason… are to be sent into America or some other parts beyond the seas… those banished who return are to suffer the pains of death as felons by virtue of this act, without benefit of Clergy.”
Although it was not a crime to kill any Irish, and soldiers were encouraged to do so, the slave trade proved too profitable to kill off the source of the product. Privateers and chartered shippers sent gangs out with quotas to fill, and in their zest as they scoured the countryside, they inadvertently kidnapped a number of English too. On March 25, 1659, a petition of 72 Englishmen was received in London, claiming they were illegally “now in slavery in the Barbados”’ . The petition also claimed that “7,000-8,000 Scots taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester in 1651 were sold to the British plantations in the New World,” and that “200 Frenchmen had been kidnapped, concealed and sold in Barbados for 900 pounds of cotton each.”
Subsequently some 52,000 Irish, mostly women and sturdy boys and girls, were sold to Barbados and Virginia alone. Another 30,000 Irish men and women were taken prisoners and ordered transported and sold as slaves. In 1656, Cromwell’s Council of State ordered that 1000 Irish girls and 1000 Irish boys be rounded up and taken to Jamaica to be sold as slaves to English planters. As horrendous as these numbers sound, it only reflects a small part of the evil program, as most of the slaving activity was not recorded. There were no tears shed amongst the Irish when Cromwell died in 1660.
The Irish welcomed the restoration of the monarchy, with Charles II duly crowned, but it was a hollow expectation. After reviewing the profitability of the slave trade, Charles II chartered the Company of Royal Adventurers in 1662, which later became the Royal African Company. The Royal Family, including Charles II, the Queen Dowager and the Duke of York, then contracted to supply at least 3000 slaves annually to their chartered company. They far exceeded their quotas.
There are records of Irish sold as slaves in 1664 to the French on St. Bartholomew, and English ships which made a stop in Ireland en route to the Americas, typically had a cargo of Irish to sell on into the 18th century. Few people today realize that from 1600 to 1699, far more Irish were sold as slaves than Africans.
Slaves or Indentured Servants
There has been a lot of whitewashing of the Irish slave trade, partly by not mentioning it, and partly by labelling slaves as indentured servants. There were indeed indentureds, including English, French, Spanish and even a few Irish. But there is a great difference between the two. Indentures bind two or more parties in mutual obligations. Servant indentures were agreements between an individual and a shipper in which the individual agreed to sell his services for a period of time in exchange for passage, and during his service, he would receive proper housing, food, clothing, and usually a piece of land at the end of the term of service. It is believed that some of the Irish that went to the Amazon settlement after the Battle of Kinsale and up to 1612 were exiled military who went voluntarily, probably as indentureds to Spanish or Portuguese shippers.
However, from 1625 onward the Irish were sold, pure and simple as slaves. There were no indenture agreements, no protection, no choice. They were captured and originally turned over to shippers to be sold for their profit. Because the profits were so great, generally 900 pounds of cotton for a slave, the Irish slave trade became an industry in which everyone involved (except the Irish) had a share of the profits.
Treatment
Although the Africans and Irish were housed together and were the property of the planter owners, the Africans received much better treatment, food and housing. In the British West Indies the planters routinely tortured white slaves for any infraction. Owners would hang Irish slaves by their hands and set their hands or feet afire as a means of punishment. To end this barbarity, Colonel William Brayne wrote to English authorities in 1656 urging the importation of Negro slaves on the grounds that, “as the planters would have to pay much more for them, they would have an interest in preserving their lives, which was wanting in the case of (Irish)….” many of whom, he charged, were killed by overwork and cruel treatment. African Negroes cost generally about 20 to 50 pounds Sterling, compared to 900 pounds of cotton (about 5 pounds Sterling) for an Irish. They were also more durable in the hot climate, and caused fewer problems. The biggest bonus with the Africans though, was they were NOT Catholic, and any heathen pagan was better than an Irish Papist. Irish prisoners were commonly sentenced to a term of service, so theoretically they would eventually be free. In practice, many of the slavers sold the Irish on the same terms as prisoners for servitude of 7 to 10 years.
There was no racial consideration or discrimination, you were either a freeman or a slave, but there was aggressive religious discrimination, with the Pope considered by all English Protestants to be the enemy of God and civilization, and all Catholics heathens and hated. Irish Catholics were not considered to be Christians. On the other hand, the Irish were literate, usually more so than the plantation owners, and thus were used as house servants, account keepers, scribes and teachers. But any infraction was dealt with the same severity, whether African or Irish, field worker or domestic servant. Floggings were common, and if a planter beat an Irish slave to death, it was not a crime, only a financial loss, and a lesser loss than killing a more expensive African. Parliament passed the Act to Regulate Slaves on British Plantations in 1667, designating authorized punishments to include whippings and brandings for slave offenses against a Christian. Irish Catholics were not considered Christians, even if they were freemen.
The planters quickly began breeding the comely Irish women, not just because they were attractive, but because it was profitable,,, as well as pleasurable. Children of slaves were themselves slaves, and although an Irish woman may become free, her children were not. Naturally, most Irish mothers remained with their children after earning their freedom. Planters then began to breed Irish women with African men to produce more slaves who had lighter skin and brought a higher price. The practice became so widespread that in 1681, legislation was passed “forbidding the practice of mating Irish slave women to African slave men for the purpose of producing slaves for sale.” This legislation was not the result of any moral or racial consideration, but rather because the practice was interfering with the profits of the Royal African Company! It is interesting to note that from 1680 to 1688, the Royal African Company sent 249 shiploads of slaves to the Indies and American Colonies, with a cargo of 60,000 Irish and Africans. More than 14,000 died during passage.
See: http://www.kavanaghfamily.com/articles/2003/20030618jfc.htm
“In memory of all those who have died and suffered as a result of Slavery and the loss of liberty, wherever they came from, may they rest in peace”
Comment by James — March 17, 2010 @ 2:56 pm
Thank you for sharing this information. The information was very helpful and saved a lot of my time.
Term Papers Writing Services
Comment by Term Papers — October 2, 2010 @ 11:48 am
According to my monitoring, billions of persons all over the world receive the personal loans from various creditors. Hence, there is good possibilities to receive a sba loan in every country.
Comment by GuadalupeFLYNN33 — September 3, 2011 @ 11:20 pm
No one can succeed without any hard work. Karl Max was successful, because he spent more than 30 years writing the book “Communist Manifesto”; Tomas Edison
succeeded, because he had experimented thousands of times to find the best material for lights. Every success calls for hard work. If you want to suc-ceed, work hard
first.zhongchengmaoyi110post
Comment by Moncler Jackets — October 20, 2011 @ 10:59 pm
The temperatures variety of united kingdom is among -11°C and 35°C. There is genuinely a plentiful rainfall via out the year. Snowfall can happen throughout winters and
earlier spring season.zhongchengmaoyi110post
Comment by Ugg Boots Outlet — October 20, 2011 @ 11:00 pm
Island of wonderful Britain and Northern Ireland is genuinely a component of UK. united kingdom can be surrounded by Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, English funnel and Irish
Sea. zhongchengmaoyi110post
Comment by nfl jerseys for cheap — October 20, 2011 @ 11:01 pm
Greetings! I recently needed to find out if you actually ever before have any complications with online criminals? My very own final blog site (wordpress platforms) was initially compromised and so I ended up being sacrificing calendar months connected with working hard as a result of hardly any backup. Do you possess every approaches to quit cyber-terrorists?
Comment by cheap christian louboutin — October 30, 2011 @ 8:34 pm
There are many fascinating ending days in this particular post nevertheless I personally have on determine if I see every one of them cardiovascular system so that you can cardiovascular system. There will probably be quite a few validity period nevertheless Only for protection get possess viewpoint right up until I personally investigate it all more. Great write-up , thanks a lot and now we hope additional! Included in Provide for Burning mainly because effectively
Comment by north face apex bionic — October 31, 2011 @ 12:04 am
You desire to purchase a coat this year, essentially every one store’s flagship products can be the ‘bright side’ padded. Reporter while in the path to see, no make any difference whether it is fashion, or even the influx of grownup males and girls for the streets, they have shiny coat, some vests, some coats, especially the Cheap Moncler Women’s Coats, but undoubtedly unbelievably cool. “Bright side” is not just style elegance of option for cotton clothing, grownup males decide on the “bright side” of Down’s also many positioned on it Cehlin07041105 attributes a awesome feeling, positioned it, to develop to be one of the most magnanimous, most license to stroll while in the winter.
Comment by Moncler Outlet Jackets — November 4, 2011 @ 10:50 pm
Ray Nitschke Jersey
Reggie White Jersey
Ryan Grant Jersey
Tramon Williams Jersey
William Henderson Jersey
Comment by Brandon Jackson Jersey — November 8, 2011 @ 7:59 pm
Packers Jersey
A.J. Hawk Jersey
Aaron Kampman Jersey
Al Harris Jersey
Bart Starr Jersey
Comment by Nick Barnett Jersey — November 8, 2011 @ 7:59 pm
The Wolves are hoping to put together a winning season next year, as Kevin Love could decide to leave the team for more attractive options next summer, and there’s no use in holding onto Beasley, who will likely ask for a pay raise at season’s end.
Comment by cheap jerseys wholesale — November 21, 2011 @ 10:11 pm
They have many quilted barbour jackets . And for men we have found barbour jacket that will offer comfort and practicality whilst remaining looking polished. The iconic barbour quilted jacket is available in both traditional country colours. The barbour jacket , which is one of the most popular barbour coat for men.. http://www.barbour-jacket.org/ ，http://www.uk-barbourjacket.com/ .
Comment by summer jackets — November 24, 2011 @ 3:44 am
a good post
Comment by Doudoune Moncler Femme — November 29, 2011 @ 4:11 am
a nice post
Comment by Doudoune Moncler — November 29, 2011 @ 4:14 am
the barbour scott bracken jacket that are available in the market
Comment by tiffany and co — December 1, 2011 @ 8:34 pm
leather jacket and you would be amazed to find yourself
Comment by tiffany uk — December 1, 2011 @ 8:35 pm
The barbour jackets is basically a classically designed and styled
Comment by Administrator — December 1, 2011 @ 8:36 pm
They will exhibit the actual passion due to donning their very own team’s loath, enjoying through other team’s cup or draping their very own team’s bedspread more than his or even hers mattress furniture: this sort of can make these people some freak-out using their power group, and also a powerful MLB admirer at the same time.
Comment by Cheap NHL Jerseys — December 8, 2011 @ 9:50 pm
Når nogen kommer til skobutik med henblik på at købe nogle behagelige og gode sko det første navn, nike free
Comment by nike free — January 6, 2012 @ 4:30 am
La Jordanie, qui est officiellement connu comme le Royaume hachémite de Jordanie est un pays qui est situé dans jordan chaussure
Comment by jordan chaussure — January 6, 2012 @ 4:32 am
WMXYLMTZMHJ
Welcome to Oakley Sunglasses Hut to buy cool and cheap oakleys sunglasses.
Comment by oakleys sunglasses — January 17, 2012 @ 9:02 pm
Please remember that vintage watches have survived for many decades by being treated Romance God created the brand since 1988, the company, registered in 102 countries around the world omega seamaster ladies watches,jewelry brand,merchandise exports to 70 countries, is a specialized manufacturer of watches and jewelry. Romance of God in 1998 to become a global brand,hire famous Swiss designer Wolfgang Jonsson program development of brand identity company logos,uniform color. Romance God omega seamaster quartz watches Korea Co., Ltd. has become the leading companies in the industry, the reputation is well known South Korean brand abroad. God watches Co.Ltd. has always been committed to technological innovation and excellence in quality romantic and fashion capture,fashion jewelry has become a world dedicated to business goals and tireless efforts.
Comment by tiffany silver — March 18, 2012 @ 10:35 pm
Abercrombie fitch Woman’s Interior designer Swimsuit 1 . Dark beer top To achieve Could possibly Gear?
Comment by Hollister clothing — March 25, 2012 @ 3:42 am
C’est pourquoi j’aime cette couleur et quand nous parlons de Wolverine bottes, tout cet ensemble est livré timberland chaussures
avec un gateries supplémentaires. Ce que je veux dire, c’est que nous, la Fusion Timberland Pro en Dark Brown a rencontré des bottes de garde timberland chaussures pas cher
pour les hommes sont tout simplement incroyables. Il est livré avec une couleur chocolat timberland france
en cuir pleine fleur supérieure est en cuir Timberland Pro Auto Performance, Steel Toe, protection contre les risques électriques, il répond également aux normes de sécurité, résistant à deux puces de pétrole en métal.
Comment by timberland — April 8, 2012 @ 8:48 pm
Goose Relaterte produkter er også stadig mer populært, er Goose fett nå godt? Antas å være Canada Goose Norge
den beste fett å steke poteter i din. Salg av gås fett i? 2007 overgikk tilbudet forlate Goose Producers canada goose Jakker
med en helt nytt problem,? Ikke nok fett!.? Mikkelsmesse Goose er også et comeback med noen restauranter tøyer Mikkelsmesse eller “Goose Day” svært harde.canada goose expedition parka
Mikkelsmesse sammenfaller med Høstjevndøgn, historisk, den Dag i året som er de livegne på gården valgt en Reeve.
Comment by Canada Goose Norge — April 8, 2012 @ 8:52 pm
Some people believe the terms “replica” as well as “fake” are identical
Comment by oakley sunglasses — April 19, 2012 @ 10:41 pm
Please remember replica rolexthat vintage watches have survived for many decades by being treated Romance God created the Rolex Lady’sbrand since 1988, the company, registered in 102 countries around the world omega Replica U-Boatseamaster ladies watches,jewelry brand,merchandise exports to 70 countries, replica tag heueris a specialized manufacturer of watches and jewelry. Romance of God in 1998 to become a DateJust Replica Rolexglobal brand,hire famous Swiss designer Wolfgang Jonsson program development of brand identity company logos,uniform color. Romance God omega seamaster quartz watches Korea Co., Ltd. has become the leading companies in the industry, the reputation is well known South Korean brand abroad. God watches Co.Ltd. has always been committed to technological innovation and excellence in quality romantic and fashion capture,fashion jewelry has become a world dedicated to business goals and tireless efforts.
Comment by DateJust Replica Rolex — May 16, 2012 @ 8:45 pm
There are thousands of Oil Painting Supplier. Offering any kinds of Oil Paintings you need. Who is the right one to you? [url=http://www.9sart.com/]Handmade Oil Paintings[/url]? No Prints? To find really High Quality Paintings, it’s a lots of homework to do.
Comment by Oil Painting Supplier — July 9, 2012 @ 4:08 am
ӏt’s a pity you don’t havе a donate button! I’d definitely donate to this fantastic blog! I suppose for now i’ll settlе for booκmаrκing and adding your RSЅ feed tо my Google аccount. I lоoκ forωаrd to brand neω updates and will talκ about thіs website wіth my Faceboоk gгoup. Talk soon!
Comment by Tax Preperation Online — July 30, 2012 @ 8:24 pm
Greаt article! That is the kind of infοrmation that ѕhoulԁ be ѕhared around the inteгnet. Shamе on the ѕеarch engines for no lοngеr posіtioning thiѕ ρоst higheг! Cоme on over and talk ovеr with my website . Thаnk you =)
Comment by luton airport departures — August 11, 2012 @ 1:31 am
Your style is unique in compaгiѕon to other folks I havе rеad stuff from. Thаnκs for posting whеn yοu have the opρortunitу, Guеѕs I’ll just bookmark this page.
Comment by Omron Blood Pressure Monitor — August 22, 2012 @ 1:32 pm
I precisely wanted to thank you so much all over again. I am not sure what I would have worked on in the absence of these thoughts discussed by you directly on my situation. It absolutely was a real frightening concern in my position, but taking a look at this well-written approach you processed the issue forced me to weep with fulfillment. I’m thankful for the guidance and have high hopes you know what a great job you happen to be accomplishing educating the others through your blog. I know that you have never got to know all of us.
Comment by Our Site — August 24, 2012 @ 1:22 am
Heу therе would you mind letting me κnow which hostіng compаny you’re utilizing? I’ve loаdеd your blοg in 3 cоmpletely differеnt internet bгowserѕ and I must say this blog loads a lоt faster then most. Can you ѕuggest a gοod hosting provider at a гeаsonаble pгіcе? Kudos, I appreciate it!
Comment by Facial Skin Care Secrets — September 1, 2012 @ 6:55 am
Wοnderful blog! I found it while ѕurfing arοund on Yahoo News. Do you have any suggestions οn how tο get lіsted in Yahoo Neωs? I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there! Thanks
Comment by Alternative Medicine — September 1, 2012 @ 7:27 am
Hi! This is kinԁ of off topіc but I need sоmе guidаnce from an establishеd blog. Is it hard to set uρ youг own blog? I’m not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty fast. I’m thinking about setting up my οwn but I’m not sure where to start. Do you have any ideas or suggestions? Appreciate it
Comment by Physical Therapy Guide — September 1, 2012 @ 7:27 am
Hey therе! I κnow thiѕ is kinda off tοpic but ӏ was wоnԁerіng whiсh blog ρlаtfоrm aгe you usіng foг this ωebsite? I’m getting tired of Wordpress because I’ve had issues with hаckегѕ аnd I’m looking at alternatives for another platform. I would be great if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.
Comment by Adventure Travel for Students — September 1, 2012 @ 7:36 am
Hаve yοu eveг thοught about writing an e-book or guest аuthοring on other sitеs? І have a blog cеntеred on the samе subjeсts yοu ԁisсuss аnd ωould lοvе to haѵе you shаre somе ѕtoгieѕ/infοrmation. I know my subѕcribers wοuld enjoy youг work. Ιf yоu’re even remotely interested, feel free to shoot me an email.
Comment by Stress and Anxiety Guide — September 1, 2012 @ 7:37 am
Howԁy! Ι’m at work surfing around your blog from my new iphone! Just wanted to say I love reading through your blog and look forward to all your posts! Keep up the excellent work!
Comment by Rick — September 1, 2012 @ 7:43 am
Does your blog have a contaсt pagе? I’m having a tough time locating it but, I’d like to shoot yοu an e-mail. I’ve got some creative ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing. Either way, great site and I look forward to seeing it expand over time.
Comment by Easy Gardening Guide — September 1, 2012 @ 7:44 am
Im not that much of a оnline гeader to be honеst but yοuг blogs really nice, κeep іt uр! І’ll go ahead and bookmark your site to come back down the road. Many thanks
Comment by Dieting Metabolism and Fitness — September 1, 2012 @ 8:09 am
Hellο theгe! Thіs ροst couldn’t be written any better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous room mate! He always kept chatting about this. I will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thank you for sharing!
Comment by Education Information Guides — September 1, 2012 @ 8:21 am
Wгіte more, thats all I have to say. Literally, it seems аs though yοu relied on the vіdeo tο makе yοuг point. Υou clearlу know whаt yоure tаlking about, why waste youг іntelligencе on just posting viԁeos to уour blog when you сoulԁ be gіѵing us something enlightеning to reaԁ?
Comment by Wind Power Facts — September 1, 2012 @ 9:04 am
Wіth haѵin so muсh сontent and articleѕ do you ever run intо anу іѕsues of plagorіsm or copyright infгingement? My sitе haѕ a lοt of еxсlusive сontеnt Ι’ve either created myself or outsourced but it appears a lot of it is popping it up all over the internet without my agreement. Do you know any techniques to help stop content from being stolen? I’ԁ tгuly apprесіаte it.
Comment by Learning to Golf — September 1, 2012 @ 9:25 am
Good day I am so thrilled I found your webpage, I really found you by accident, while I was researching on Bing for something else, Regardless I am here now and would just like to say thanks a lot for a marvelous post and a all round enjoyable blog (I also love the theme/design), I dont have time to browse it all at the minute but I have saved it and also added your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read a lot more, Please do keep up the superb work.
Comment by Ultimate Debt Guide — September 13, 2012 @ 8:43 pm
With havin so much content and articles do you ever run into any problems of plagorism or copyright infringement? My site has a lot of unique content I’ve either written myself or outsourced but it looks like a lot of it is popping it up all over the web without my permission. Do you know any solutions to help protect against content from being stolen? I’d really appreciate it.
Comment by what does lcd monitor stand for — October 2, 2012 @ 11:37 am
UGG boots have been quite favorites of skiers and
surfers. The UGG boots that I bought from mezoboots.com
offer sublime comfort in both cold and hot
temperatures.
Comment by ugg boots sale — November 19, 2012 @ 10:09 pm
The post is written in very a good manner and it entails much useful information for me. I am happy to find your distinguished way of writing the post.
Comment by nfl jerseys — November 25, 2012 @ 9:49 pm
The new no-tag neck label design of Cheap Personalized NFL Jerseys for men,women and youth can make you completely comfortable running on the field.
Comment by NBA Custom Jerseys — November 28, 2012 @ 9:27 am
Hopefully the site will attract more people.
Comment by hermes bags — December 21, 2012 @ 8:09 pm
We’re a group of volunteers and starting a new scheme in our community. Your site offered us with valuable information to work on. You’ve done a formidable process and our entire neighborhood will likely be thankful to you.
Comment by pregnancy Week by week — December 22, 2012 @ 8:01 pm
Wonderful post however I was wanting to know if you could write a litte more on this subject? I’d be very thankful if you could elaborate a little bit more. Thanks!
Comment by loan Modification — December 22, 2012 @ 8:18 pm
It’s a pity you don’t have a donate button! I’d definitely donate to this superb blog! I guess for now i’ll settle for book-marking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account. I look forward to new updates and will talk about this site with my Facebook group. Chat soon!
Comment by recyclingfactsguide.com — December 22, 2012 @ 11:48 pm
I have to thank you for the efforts you have put in writing this site. I really hope to see the same high-grade content by you in the future as well. In fact, your creative writing abilities has encouraged me to get my own site now ;)
Comment by legal ways to make extra money — February 3, 2013 @ 10:07 am
Howdу! I know thіs is sort of off-topic however I hаd to ask. Does buіlding a ωell-eѕtablishеd webѕite like yours take a large amοunt of wοrk? I am completelу new tο oрerаting a blog hoωeveг I do write in mу diarу on a dаіly bаsіs. I’d like to start a blog so I can easily share my personal experience and feelings online. Please let me know if you have any recommendations or tips for brand new aspiring bloggers. Appreciate it!
Comment by hatbuzz.com — February 5, 2013 @ 7:00 pm
Yes! Finally something about melt your mans heart.
Comment by Melt Your Man's Heart — February 6, 2013 @ 5:16 pm
Good article. I absolutely appreciate this site. Keep writing!
Comment by project freedom — February 8, 2013 @ 1:32 am
Why viewers still make use of to read news papers when in this technological world the whole thing is presented on net?
Comment by Epson T0715 — February 13, 2013 @ 11:03 am
I want to to thank you for this good read!! I certainly enjoyed every little bit of it. I have got you bookmarked to check out new things you post
Comment by buy stocks — February 14, 2013 @ 9:47 am
That is a really good tip especially to those fresh to the blogosphere. Simple but very accurate information Thank you for sharing this one. A must read article!
Comment by how to earn quick money online — February 20, 2013 @ 10:38 am
I do not even understand how I finished up here, but I assumed this submit was great. I don’t realize who you are but definitely you are going to a famous blogger for those who aren’t already. Cheers!
Comment by work at home companies — February 24, 2013 @ 12:52 pm
whoah this weblog is wonderful i really like reading your articles. Keep up the good work! You recognize, a lot of individuals are searching around for this info, you can help them greatly.
Comment by electricity trading basics — February 25, 2013 @ 12:34 pm
My ex boyfriend wrote this to me:. “I sang my princess fast asleep, because she was my dream come true. Oh, nicole, believe me i loved you but now those lonely lullabies just dampen my tired eyes. Because i can’t forget you, i’ll dissolve when the rain pours in. When the nightmares take me i will scream with the howling wind because it’s a bitter world and i’d rather dream.”. . so, what does this exactly necessarily mean? What emotion/s is he feeling toward me?.
Comment by www.labceo.com.br — April 3, 2013 @ 1:45 pm
Wholesale Inexpensive Handbags Have been you ok basically repost this on my little site? Quite possibly to present credit where its due. Have a very great day!
Comment by background check free — May 20, 2013 @ 11:38 pm